{"id":6674,"date":"2010-03-31T09:00:30","date_gmt":"2010-03-31T07:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.credativ.de\/blog\/credativ-inside\/howto-debian-preseed-mit-netboot\/"},"modified":"2022-03-25T13:50:02","modified_gmt":"2022-03-25T12:50:02","slug":"howto-debian-preseed-mit-netboot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.credativ.de\/en\/blog\/howtos\/howto-debian-preseed-mit-netboot\/","title":{"rendered":"[Howto] Debian Preseed mit Netboot"},"content":{"rendered":"

The vast majority of Debian installations are simplified with the use of Preseeding and Netboot. Friedrich Weber, a school student on a work experience placement with us at our German office has observed the process and captured it in a Howto here:<\/p>\n

Imagine the following situation: you find yourself with ten to twenty brand new Notebooks and the opportunity to install them with Debian and customise to your own taste. In any case it would be great fun to manually perform the Debian installation and configuration on each Notebook.<\/p>\n

This is where Debian Preseed<\/a> comes into play. The concept is simple and self-explanatory; usually, whoever is doing the installation will be faced with a number of issues during the process (e.g. language, partitioning, packages, Bootloader, etc.) In terms of Preseed, all of these issues can now be resolved. Only those which are not already accounted for in Preseed remain for the Debian installer. In the ideal situation these would become apparent at the outset of the installation, where the solution would differ depending on the target system and which the administrator must deal with manually \u2013 only when these have been dealt with can the installation be left to run unattended.<\/p>\n

Preseed functions on some simple inbuilt configuration data: preseed.cfg<\/code>. It includes, as detailed above, the questions which must be answered during installation, and in debconf<\/a>-format. Data such as this consists of several rows, each row of which defines a debconf configuration option \u2013 a response to a question \u2013 for example:<\/p>\n

d-i debian-installer\/locale string de_DE.UTF-8<\/pre>\n
The first element of these lines is the name of the package, which is configured (d-i is here an abbreviation of debian installer), the second element is the name of the option, which is set, as the third element of the type of option (a string) and the rest is the value of the option.<\/p>\n
In this example, we set the language to German using UTF-8-coding. You can put lines like this together yourself, even simpler with the tool debconf-get-selections<\/code>: these commands provide straight forward and simple options, which can be set locally.<\/p>\n
From the selection you can choose your desired settings, adjusted if necessary and copied into preseed.cfg<\/code>. Here is an example of preseed.cfg<\/code>:<\/p>\n
d-i debian-installer\/locale string de_DE.UTF-8\r\nd-i debian-installer\/keymap select de-latin1\r\nd-i console-keymaps-at\/keymap select de\r\nd-i languagechooser\/language-name-fb select German\r\nd-i countrychooser\/country-name select Germany\r\nd-i console-setup\/layoutcode string de_DE\r\nd-i clock-setup\/utc boolean true\r\nd-i time\/zone string Europe\/Berlin\r\nd-i clock-setup\/ntp boolean true\r\nd-i clock-setup\/ntp-server string ntp1\r\n \r\ntasksel tasksel\/first multiselect standard, desktop, gnome-desktop, laptop\r\n\r\nd-i pkgsel\/include string openssh-client vim less rsync<\/pre>\n
In addition to language and timezone settings, selected tasks and packages are also set with these options. If left competely unattended, the installation will not complete, but will make a good start.<\/p>\n
Now onto the question of where Preseed pulls its data from. It is in fact possible to use Preseed with CD and DVD images or USB sticks, but generally more comfortable to use a Debian Netboot Image, essentially an installer, which is started across the network and which can cover its Preseed configuration.<\/p>\n
This boot across the network is implemented with PXE<\/a> and requires a system that can boot from a network card. Next, the system depends on booting from the network card. It travels from a DHCO server to an IP address per broadcast.<\/p>\n
This DHCP server transmits not only a suitable IP, but also to the IP of a so-called Bootserver. A Bootserver is a TFTP-Server<\/a>, which provides a Bootloader to assist the Administrator with the desired Debian Installer. At the same time the Debian Installer can be shared with the Boot options that Preseed should use and where he can find the Preseed configuration. Here is a snippet of the PXELINUX configuration data pxelinux.cfg\/default<\/code>:<\/p>\n
label i386\r\nkernel debian-installer\/i386\/linux\r\nappend vga=normal initrd=debian-installer\/i386\/initrd.gz netcfg\/choose_interface=eth0 domain=example.com locale=de_DE debian-installer\/country=DE debian-installer\/language=de debian-installer\/keymap=de-latin1-nodeadkeys console-keymaps-at\/keymap=de-latin1-nodeadkeys auto-install\/enable=false preseed\/url=http:\/\/$server\/preseed.cfg DEBCONF_DEBUG=5 -- quiet<\/pre>\n
When the user types i386<\/code>, the debian-installer\/i386\/linux<\/code> kernel (found on the TFTP server) is downloaded and run. This is in addition to a whole load of bootoptions given along the way. The debian installer allows the provision of debconf options as boot parameters. It is good practice for the installer to somehow communicate where to find the Preseed communication on the network (preseed\/url<\/code>).<\/p>\n
In order to download this Preseed configuration, it must also be somehow built into the network. The options for that will be handed over (the options for the hostnames would be deliberately omitted here, as every target system has its own Hostname). auto-install\/enable<\/code> would delay the language set up so that it is only enabled after the network configuration, in order that these installations are read through preseed.cfg<\/code>.<\/p>\n
It is not necessary as the language set up will also be handed over to the kernel options to ensure that the network configuration is German. The examples and configuration excerpts mentioned here are obviously summarised and shortened. Even so, this blog post should have given you a glimpse into the concept of Preseed in connection with netboot. Finally, here is a complete version of preseed.cfg<\/code>:<\/p>\n
d-i debian-installer\/locale string de_DE.UTF-8\r\nd-i debian-installer\/keymap select de-latin1\r\nd-i console-keymaps-at\/keymap select de\r\nd-i languagechooser\/language-name-fb select German\r\nd-i countrychooser\/country-name select Germany\r\nd-i console-setup\/layoutcode string de_DE\r\n\r\n# Network\r\nd-i netcfg\/choose_interface select auto\r\nd-i netcfg\/get_hostname string debian\r\nd-i netcfg\/get_domain string example.com\r\n \r\n# Package mirror\r\nd-i mirror\/protocol string http\r\nd-i mirror\/country string manual\r\nd-i mirror\/http\/hostname string debian.example.com\r\nd-i mirror\/http\/directory string \/debian\r\nd-i mirror\/http\/proxy string\r\nd-i mirror\/suite string lenny\r\n \r\n# Timezone\r\nd-i clock-setup\/utc boolean true\r\nd-i time\/zone string Europe\/Berlin\r\nd-i clock-setup\/ntp boolean true\r\nd-i clock-setup\/ntp-server string ntp.example.com\r\n \r\n# Root-Account\r\nd-i passwd\/make-user boolean false\r\nd-i passwd\/root-password password secretpassword\r\nd-i passwd\/root-password-again password secretpassword\r\n \r\n# Further APT-Options\r\nd-i apt-setup\/non-free boolean false\r\nd-i apt-setup\/contrib boolean false\r\nd-i apt-setup\/security-updates boolean true\r\n \r\nd-i apt-setup\/local0\/source boolean false\r\nd-i apt-setup\/local1\/source boolean false\r\nd-i apt-setup\/local2\/source boolean false\r\n \r\n# Tasks\r\ntasksel tasksel\/first multiselect standard, desktop\r\nd-i pkgsel\/include string openssh-client vim less rsync\r\nd-i pkgsel\/upgrade select safe-upgrade\r\n \r\n# Popularity-Contest\r\npopularity-contest popularity-contest\/participate boolean true\r\n\r\n# Command to be followed after the installation. `in-target` means that the following\r\n# Command is followed in the installed environment, rather than in the installation environment.\r\n# Here http:\/\/$server\/skript.sh nach \/tmp is downloaded, enabled and implemented.\r\nd-i preseed\/late_command string in-target wget -P \/tmp\/ http:\/\/$server\/skript.sh; in-target chmod +x \/tmp\/skript.sh; in-target \/tmp\/skript.sh><\/pre>\n
All Howtos of this blog are grouped together in the Howto category<\/a> \u2013 and if you happen to be looking for Support and Services for Debian<\/a> you\u2019ve come to the right place at credativ.<\/p>\n
This post was originally written by Irenie White.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The vast majority of Debian installations are simplified with the use of Preseeding and Netboot. Friedrich Weber, a school student on a work experience placement with us at our German office has observed the process and captured it in a Howto here: Imagine the following situation: you find yourself with ten to twenty brand new […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_improvement_type_select":"improve_an_existing","_thumb_yes_seoaic":false,"_frame_yes_seoaic":false,"seoaic_generate_description":"","seoaic_improve_instructions_prompt":"","seoaic_rollback_content_improvement":"","seoaic_idea_thumbnail_generator":"","thumbnail_generated":false,"thumbnail_generate_prompt":"","seoaic_article_description":"","seoaic_article_subtitles":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1885],"tags":[1775],"class_list":["post-6674","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-howtos-en","tag-debian-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n[Howto] Debian Preseed mit Netboot - credativ\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.credativ.de\/en\/blog\/howtos\/howto-debian-preseed-mit-netboot\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"[Howto] Debian Preseed mit Netboot\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The vast majority of Debian installations are simplified with the use of Preseeding and Netboot. 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