{"id":10257,"date":"2020-03-31T12:37:52","date_gmt":"2020-03-31T10:37:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.credativ.de\/blog\/credativ-inside\/podman-run-container-with-user-permissions\/"},"modified":"2020-03-31T12:37:52","modified_gmt":"2020-03-31T10:37:52","slug":"podman-run-container-with-user-permissions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.credativ.de\/en\/blog\/howtos-en\/podman-run-container-with-user-permissions\/","title":{"rendered":"Podman – Run Container with User Permissions"},"content":{"rendered":"

In our previous article on Buildah<\/a>, we explained how to create containers without Docker and root privileges.<\/p>\n

This article will focus on how to use those very containers without elevated privileges.<\/p>\n

Alongside the already mentioned Buildah and Skopeo, Podman is part of the Red Hat Container Tools and is, in short, a daemonless runtime environment for containers. Like the Docker daemon, it is designed for operating a single host and does not offer cluster functionality. <\/p>\n

Development<\/h2>\n

Podman version 1.0 was released on January 11, 2019, and is also licensed under Apache 2.0.
\nThe implementation is done in Golang and is primarily driven by the “containers organization”. This includes both Red Hat employees and external developers.
\nThe code can be viewed on Github<\/a>. Development does not follow a fixed release cycle. Thus, there can be months or weeks between versions, depending on when it is decided that enough new features have been implemented for a release. <\/p>\n

Podman itself is built entirely on libpod, or one could say that it is the tool for libpod. Therefore, the repository’s name is libpod and not podman. <\/p>\n

Containers without Root Privileges<\/h2>\n

A central component of both Buildah and Podman is libpod, which allows starting containers and creating images with user privileges only.
\nThis relies on slirp4netns, fuse-overlayfs, and \/etc\/sub(u|g)id.<\/p>\n

This topic has already been extensively covered in the Buildah article, which is why it is only referenced here to avoid repetition.<\/p>\n

Installation<\/h2>\n

Podman is directly available in the repositories of common Red Hat distributions.
\nThese can be installed there, depending on the version, via dnf install podman<\/code> or yum install podman<\/code> installed.
\nIt should be noted that the packages in CentOS distributions are not necessarily up-to-date. Therefore, it is advisable to switch to Kubic here as well. <\/p>\n

For Debian and derivatives, as well as Suse, packages are available in Kubic, similar to Buildah.<\/p>\n

Further information can be found in the documentation<\/a><\/p>\n

[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman -v\npodman version 1.8.2\n<\/pre>\n
Configuration<\/h2>\n
The configuration file for Podman is, similar to Builder, located under  \/etc\/containers\/libpod.conf<\/code>  for the global and under  ~\/.config\/containers\/libpod.conf<\/code>  for the user-specific configuration.
\nThe template with default values can be found under  \/usr\/share\/containers\/libpod.conf<\/code>. However, this should not be adjusted directly, but rather through the two alternatives.
\nVarious parameters for Podman can be configured in the file; such as which CNI plugin should be used, which container runtime, or where the container volumes are located.<\/p>\n
An online example can be found on Github<\/a><\/p>\n
However, no changes are required here for an initial test operation; it merely serves to adapt Podman to your own preferences if necessary.<\/p>\n
Working with Podman<\/h2>\n
Podman was designed as a drop-in replacement for Docker, and therefore most commands like  ps<\/code>,  rm<\/code>,  inspect<\/code>,  logs<\/code>  or  exec<\/code>  are analogous to Docker and will only be briefly mentioned here if at all. The functionality is not limited to operating containers; it is also possible to create containers to a limited extent. In the background, Podman relies on Buildah’s functionality, but it can only create containers from a Containerfile.
\nDetails can be found in the documentation<\/a>.  <\/p>\n
A podman top $ContainerID<\/code> also works, as does creating, migrating, and restoring a checkpoint.<\/p>\n
[user@system1 ~]$ podman container checkpoint <container_id> -e \/tmp\/checkpoint.tar.gz\n[user@system1 ~]$ scp \/tmp\/checkpoint.tar.gz <destination_system>:\/tmp\n\n[user@system2 ~]$ podman container restore -i \/tmp\/checkpoint.tar.gz\n<\/pre>\n
Therefore, the following sections will primarily focus on the differences in container handling between Docker and Podman.<\/p>\n
Starting a Container<\/h3>\n
To start a container of choice (here, postgres), we pull the image and then start it.<\/p>\n
[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman pull postgres\n...\nCopying config 73119b8892 done \nWriting manifest to image destination\nStoring signatures\n73119b8892f9cda38bb0f125b1638c7c0e71f4abe9a5cded9129c3f28a6d35c3\n\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman inspect postgres | grep \"PG_VERSION=\"\n \"PG_VERSION=12.2-2.pgdg100+1\",\n \"created_by\": \"\/bin\/sh -c #(nop) ENV PG_VERSION=12.2-2.pgdg100+1\",\n\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman run -d -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=SuperDB --name=postgres_dev postgres\nc8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman ps\nCONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES\nc8b9732b6ad2 docker.io\/library\/postgres:latest postgres 5 seconds ago Up 4 seconds ago postgres_dev\n<\/pre>\n
A PostgreSQL\u00ae<\/sup> container named “postgres_dev” is now running. This does not differ from Docker so far. <\/p>\n
Podman’s unique feature only becomes apparent in the process list:<\/p>\n
podmana+ 2209 1 0 13:11 ? Ssl 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/conmon --api-version 1 -c c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7 -u c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7 -r \/usr\/bin\/runc -b \n\n232070 2219 2209 0 13:11 ? Ss 0:00 \\_ postgres \n<\/pre>\n
The PostgreSQL\u00ae<\/sup> process does not run as a child of a daemon process, but rather as a child of the “conmon” component.
\nThis monitors the container’s state after startup. It also provides the socket for communication and the stream for output, which
\nare written to the log configured by Podman.
\nFurther information on conmon can be found on Github<\/a>. <\/p>\n
If we now start a second container (postgres_prod) via Podman, another conmon process will be started:<\/p>\n
[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman run -d -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=SuperDB --name=postgres_prod postgres\n6581a25c82620c725fe1cfb6546479edac856228ecb3c11ad63ab95a453c1b64\n\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman ps\nCONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES\n6581a25c8262 docker.io\/library\/postgres:latest postgres 15 seconds ago Up 15 seconds ago postgres_prod\nc8b9732b6ad2 docker.io\/library\/postgres:latest postgres 7 minutes ago Up 7 minutes ago postgres_dev\n<\/pre>\n
podmana+ 2209 1 0 13:11 ? Ssl 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/conmon --api-version 1 -c c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7 -u c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7 -r \/usr\/bin\/runc -b \n232070 2219 2209 0 13:11 ? Ss 0:00 \\_ postgres \n...\npodmana+ 2337 1 0 13:19 ? Ssl 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/conmon --api-version 1 -c 6581a25c82620c725fe1cfb6546479edac856228ecb3c11ad63ab95a453c1b64 -u 6581a25c82620c725fe1cfb6546479edac856228ecb3c11ad63ab95a453c1b64 -r \/usr\/bin\/runc -b \n232070 2348 2337 0 13:19 ? Ss 0:00 \\_ postgres \n...\n<\/pre>\n
Here, the UUIDs of the containers can be found in the process.
\nThe cmdline of the process is, of course, much longer than shown here. Below is a complete example, manually formatted: <\/p>\n
[podmanager@buildah ~]$ ps -ef f | grep conmon\n...\npodmana+ 2209 1 0 13:11 ? Ssl 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/conmon \n--api-version 1\n-c c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\n-u c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\n-r \/usr\/bin\/runc\n-b \/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay-containers\/c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\/userdata\n-p \/var\/tmp\/run-1002\/containers\/overlay-containers\/c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\/userdata\/pidfile\n-l k8s-file:\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay-containers\/c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\/userdata\/ctr.log\n--exit-dir \/var\/tmp\/run-1002\/libpod\/tmp\/exits\n--socket-dir-path \/var\/tmp\/run-1002\/libpod\/tmp\/socket\n--log-level error\n--runtime-arg --log-format=json\n--runtime-arg --log\n--runtime-arg=\/var\/tmp\/run-1002\/containers\/overlay-containers\/c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\/userdata\/oci-log\n--conmon-pidfile \/var\/tmp\/run-1002\/containers\/overlay-containers\/c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\/userdata\/conmon.pid\n--exit-command \/usr\/bin\/podman\n--exit-command-arg --root \n--exit-command-arg \/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage \n--exit-command-arg --runroot \n--exit-command-arg \/var\/tmp\/run-1002\/containers \n--exit-command-arg --log-level \n--exit-command-arg error \n--exit-command-arg --cgroup-manager \n--exit-command-arg cgroupfs \n--exit-command-arg --tmpdir \n--exit-command-arg \/var\/tmp\/run-1002\/libpod\/tmp \n--exit-command-arg --runtime \n--exit-command-arg runc \n--exit-command-arg --storage-driver \n--exit-command-arg overlay \n--exit-command-arg --storage-opt \n--exit-command-arg overlay.mount_program=\/usr\/bin\/fuse-overlayfs \n--exit-command-arg --storage-opt \n--exit-command-arg overlay.mount_program=\/usr\/bin\/fuse-overlayfs  \n--exit-command-arg --events-backend \n--exit-command-arg file \n--exit-command-arg container \n--exit-command-arg cleanup \n--exit-command-arg c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\n...\n<\/pre>\n
The formatting clearly shows how parameters are passed between Podman and conmon via *args.<\/p>\n
In addition to conmon, an instance of slirp4netns and fuse-overlayfs is also started for each container to provide network and storage without root privileges.<\/p>\n
podmana+ 2201 1 0 13:11 ? Ss 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/fuse-overlayfs -o lowerdir=\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay\/l\/FX4RZGGJ5HSNVMGVFG6K3I7PIL:\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay\/l\/AIHUOS\n\npodmana+ 2206 1 0 13:11 pts\/0 S 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/slirp4netns --disable-host-loopback --mtu 65520 --enable-sandbox -c -e 3 -r 4 --netns-type=path \/tmp\/run-1002\/netns\/cni-18902a12-5b1b-15d3-0c31-138efe1d66ba tap0\n\npodmana+ 2209 1 0 13:11 ? Ssl 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/conmon --api-version 1 -c c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7 -u c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7 -r \/usr\/bin\/runc -b \n\n232070 2219 2209 0 13:11 ? Ss 0:00 \\_ postgres \n<\/pre>\n
Creating a Systemd Service File<\/h3>\n
Since containers run without a daemon and can be started individually, it is also natural to control them via Systemd rather than Docker.
\nHowever, writing service files is generally tedious, which is why Podman has a built-in function for this.<\/p>\n
Below is an example for our postgres_dev<\/p>\n
[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman generate systemd postgres_dev\n# container-c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7.service\n# autogenerated by Podman 1.8.2\n# Tue Mar 24 13:47:11 CET 2020\n\n[Unit]\nDescription=Podman container-c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7.service\nDocumentation=man:podman-generate-systemd(1)\nWants=network.target\nAfter=network-online.target\n\n[Service]\nEnvironment=PODMAN_SYSTEMD_UNIT=%n\nRestart=on-failure\nExecStart=\/usr\/bin\/podman start c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\nExecStop=\/usr\/bin\/podman stop -t 10 c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\nPIDFile=\/var\/tmp\/run-1002\/containers\/overlay-containers\/c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7\/userdata\/conmon.pid\nKillMode=none\nType=forking\n\n[Install]\nWantedBy=multi-user.target default.target\n<\/pre>\n
However, there is still one error here. The user under whom the container should be started must be added to the service file, provided this is not to happen as root. To do this, only [Service]<\/code> needs to be added to the User=podmanager<\/code> section (or the username on your system).  <\/p>\n
To register the container as a service under CentOS 8, the following steps would need to be performed:<\/p>\n
[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman generate systemd --files --name postgres_dev\n\/home\/podmanager\/container-postgres_dev.service\n# User= add to service file\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ sudo cp \/home\/podmanager\/container-postgres_dev.service \/etc\/systemd\/system\/\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ sudo systemctl start container-postgres_dev.service\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ systemctl status container-postgres_dev.service \n\u25cf container-postgres_dev.service - Podman container-postgres_dev.service\n Loaded: loaded (\/etc\/systemd\/system\/container-postgres_dev.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)\n Active: active (running) since Tue 2020-03-24 14:04:14 CET; 1s ago\n Docs: man:podman-generate-systemd(1)\n Process: 7691 ExecStart=\/usr\/bin\/podman start postgres_dev (code=exited, status=0\/SUCCESS)\n Main PID: 7717 (conmon)\n Tasks: 11 (limit: 25028)\n Memory: 46.7M\n CGroup: \/system.slice\/container-postgres_dev.service\n \u251c\u25007710 \/usr\/bin\/fuse-overlayfs -o lowerdir=\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay\/l\/FX4RZGGJ5HSNVMGVFG6K3I7PIL:\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay\/l\/AIHUOSIVGT5DN5GCUR7PRELVKK:\/home\/podma>\n \u251c\u25007714 \/usr\/bin\/slirp4netns --disable-host-loopback --mtu 65520 --enable-sandbox -c -e 3 -r 4 --netns-type=path \/tmp\/run-1002\/netns\/cni-a0ee9d78-2f8c-a563-1947-92d0766a43b7 tap0\n \u251c\u25007717 \/usr\/bin\/conmon --api-version 1 -c c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7 -u c8b9732b6ad253710ae6e75f934a74e8469e61bc5b5d88c2fa92c7257d00d2e7 -r \/usr\/bin\/runc -b \/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/c>\n \u251c\u25007727 postgres\n \u251c\u25007758 postgres: checkpointer\n \u251c\u25007759 postgres: background writer\n \u251c\u25007760 postgres: walwriter\n \u251c\u25007761 postgres: autovacuum launcher\n \u251c\u25007762 postgres: stats collector\n \u2514\u25007763 postgres: logical replication launcher\n\nM\u00e4r 24 14:04:13 buildah.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting Podman container-postgres_dev.service...\nM\u00e4r 24 14:04:14 buildah.localdomain podman[7691]: postgres_dev\nM\u00e4r 24 14:04:14 buildah.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Podman container-postgres_dev.service.\n<\/pre>\n
It is important to mention that containers started via Systemd can of course also be managed\/accessed via podman, but that starting and stopping should be left to the service.<\/p>\n
Creating a Pod<\/h3>\n
As the name suggests, Podman not only allows creating containers but also organizing them into pods.
\nSimilar to Kubernetes, a pod represents an organizational grouping of containers that can share certain namespaces such as pids, network, or similar.
\nThese are then administered via  podman pod $cmd<\/code>  administered.<\/p>\n
Below, we will load the image of the postgres-exporter for Prometheus and create a pod named postgres-prod-pod from it.<\/p>\n
[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman pull docker.io\/wrouesnel\/postgres_exporter\n\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman pod create --name postgres-prod-pod\n727e7544515e0e683525e555934e02a341a42009a9c49fb2fd53094187a1e97c\n\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman run -d --pod postgres-prod-pod -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=SuperDB postgres:latest\n8f313260973ef6eb6fa84d2893875213cee89b48c93d08de7642b0a8b03c4a88\n\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman run -d --pod postgres-prod-pod -e DATA_SOURCE_NAME=\"postgresql:\/\/postgres:password@localhost:5432\/postgres?sslmode=disable\" postgres_exporter\nfee22f24ff9b2ace599831fa022fb1261ef836846e0ba938c7b469d8dfb8a48a\n\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman pod ps\nPOD ID NAME STATUS CREATED # OF CONTAINERS INFRA ID\n727e7544515e postgres-prod-pod Running 48 seconds ago 3 6edc862441f1\n\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman pod inspect postgres-prod-pod\n{\n \"Config\": {\n \"id\": \"727e7544515e0e683525e555934e02a341a42009a9c49fb2fd53094187a1e97c\",\n \"name\": \"postgres-prod-pod\",\n \"hostname\": \"postgres-prod-pod\",\n \"labels\": {\n\n  },\n \"cgroupParent\": \"\/libpod_parent\",\n \"sharesCgroup\": true,\n \"sharesIpc\": true,\n \"sharesNet\": true,\n \"sharesUts\": true,\n \"infraConfig\": {\n \"makeInfraContainer\": true,\n \"infraPortBindings\": null\n  },\n \"created\": \"2020-03-24T14:44:27.01249721+01:00\",\n \"lockID\": 0\n  },\n \"State\": {\n \"cgroupPath\": \"\/libpod_parent\/727e7544515e0e683525e555934e02a341a42009a9c49fb2fd53094187a1e97c\",\n \"infraContainerID\": \"6edc862441f18234f0c61693f11d946f601973a71b85fa9d777273feed68ed3c\",\n \"status\": \"Running\"\n  },\n \"Containers\": [\n  {\n \"id\": \"6edc862441f18234f0c61693f11d946f601973a71b85fa9d777273feed68ed3c\",\n \"state\": \"running\"\n  },\n  {\n \"id\": \"8f313260973ef6eb6fa84d2893875213cee89b48c93d08de7642b0a8b03c4a88\",\n \"state\": \"running\"\n  },\n  {\n \"id\": \"fee22f24ff9b2ace599831fa022fb1261ef836846e0ba938c7b469d8dfb8a48a\",\n  \"state\": \"running\"\n  }\n ]\n}\n<\/pre>\n
It can now be seen that the pod contains both the postgres and postgres-exporter containers (compare UUIDs).
\nThe third container is the infra-container for bootstrapping and will not be discussed further here.<\/p>\n
In the process list, this appears as follows:<\/p>\n
podmana+ 6279 1 0 14:44 ? Ss 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/fuse-overlayfs -o lowerdir=\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay\/l\/\npodmana+ 6281 1 0 14:44 pts\/2 S 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/slirp4netns --disable-host-loopback --mtu 65520 --enable-sandbox -c -e 3 -r 4 --netns-type=path \/tmp\/run-1002\/netns\/cni-5fe4356e-77c0-8127-f72b-7335c2ed05c4 tap0\npodmana+ 6284 1 0 14:44 ? Ssl 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/conmon --api-version 1 -c 6edc862441f18234f0c61693f11d946f601973a71b85fa9d777273feed68ed3c -u 6edc862441f18234f0c61693f11d946f601973a71b85fa9d777273feed68ed3c -r \/usr\/bin\/runc -b \npodmana+ 6296 6284 0 14:44 ? Ss 0:00 \\_ \/pause \npodmana+ 6308 1 0 14:44 ? Ss 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/fuse-overlayfs -o lowerdir=\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay\/l\/FX4RZGGJ5HSNVMGVFG6K3I7PIL:\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay\/l\/AIHUOS\npodmana+ 6312 1 0 14:44 ? Ssl 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/conmon --api-version 1 -c 8f313260973ef6eb6fa84d2893875213cee89b48c93d08de7642b0a8b03c4a88 -u 8f313260973ef6eb6fa84d2893875213cee89b48c93d08de7642b0a8b03c4a88 -r \/usr\/bin\/runc -b \n232070 6322 6312 0 14:44 ? Ss 0:00 \\_ postgres \n...\n232070 6549 6322 0 14:44 ? Ss 0:00 \\_ postgres: postgres postgres ::1(51290) idle \npodmana+ 6520 1 0 14:44 ? Ss 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/fuse-overlayfs -o lowerdir=\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay\/l\/P5NJW4TB6JUFOBBIN2MOHW7272:\/home\/podmanager\/.local\/share\/containers\/storage\/overlay\/l\/KVC54Z\npodmana+ 6523 1 0 14:44 ? Ssl 0:00 \/usr\/bin\/conmon --api-version 1 -c fee22f24ff9b2ace599831fa022fb1261ef836846e0ba938c7b469d8dfb8a48a -u fee22f24ff9b2ace599831fa022fb1261ef836846e0ba938c7b469d8dfb8a48a -r \/usr\/bin\/runc -b \n251072 6534 6523 0 14:44 ? Ssl 0:00 \\_ \/postgres_exporter \n<\/pre>\n
Here you can see that although there are several conmon and overlayfs processes for the containers, there is only one slirp4netns, as the containers share this and can also communicate via localhost.
You can also see that the PostgreSQL\u00ae database has a connection from localhost (PID 6549), which is the exporter.<\/p>\n
Normally, when creating a pod via podman pod create<\/code>, the following namespaces are grouped for the containers: net, ipc, uts, and user.
\nThus, each container still has its own PID namespace despite being grouped in the pod.
\nHowever, if this is desired, the parameter --share<\/code> can be used during creation to specify what should be shared.<\/p>\n
For example, this is what the process list of the pod without a shared PID namespace looks like. Each container has its own process structure. <\/p>\n
[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman pod top postgres-prod-pod\nUSER PID PPID %CPU ELAPSED TTY TIME COMMAND\n0 1 0 0.000 11m45.845291911s ? 0s \/pause  \npostgres 1 0 0.000 11m45.854330176s ? 0s postgres  \npostgres 25 1 0.000 11m45.854387876s ? 0s postgres: checkpointer  \npostgres 26 1 0.000 11m45.854441615s ? 0s postgres: background writer  \npostgres 27 1 0.000 11m45.854483844s ? 0s postgres: walwriter  \npostgres 28 1 0.000 11m45.854525645s ? 0s postgres: autovacuum launcher  \npostgres 29 1 0.000 11m45.854567082s ? 0s postgres: stats collector  \npostgres 30 1 0.000 11m45.854613262s ? 0s postgres: logical replication launcher  \npostgres 31 1 0.000 11m45.854653703s ? 0s postgres: postgres postgres ::1(51292) idle  \npostgres_exporter 1 0 0.000 11m45.859505449s ? 0s \/postgres_exporter \n<\/pre>\n
As an alternative, the output when creating the pod using podman pod create --name postgres-prod-pod --share=pid,net,ipc,uts,user<\/code><\/p>\n
[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman pod top postgres-prod-pod\nUSER PID PPID %CPU ELAPSED TTY TIME COMMAND\nroot 1 0 0.000 20.396867487s ? 0s \/pause  \npostgres 6 0 0.000 20.396936905s pts\/0 0s postgres \npostgres 60 6 0.000 18.396997034s ? 0s postgres: checkpointer  \npostgres 61 6 0.000 18.397086198s ? 0s postgres: background writer  \npostgres 62 6 0.000 18.39713465s ? 0s postgres: walwriter  \npostgres 63 6 0.000 18.39718056s ? 0s postgres: autovacuum launcher  \npostgres 64 6 0.000 18.397229737s ? 0s postgres: stats collector  \npostgres 65 6 0.000 18.397279102s ? 0s postgres: logical replication launcher  \n20001 66 0 0.000 16.397325377s pts\/0 0s \/postgres_exporter\n<\/pre>\n
Available options for --share<\/code> are ipc, net, pid, user, and uts.<\/p>\n
The entire pod can now also be started and stopped via podman pod stop\/start<\/code>.
\nSimilarly, systemd service files can be generated for pods as well as containers.<\/p>\n
Podman and Kubernetes<\/h3>\n
Podman offers some support in the area of Kubernetes YAML.<\/p>\n
For example, it is possible to generate Kubernetes Pod YAML from pods created with Podman.<\/p>\n
[podmanager@buildah ~]$ podman generate kube postgres-prod-pod -f postgres-prod-pod.yaml\n[podmanager@buildah ~]$ cat postgres-prod-pod.yaml\n# Generation of Kubernetes YAML is still under development!\n#\n# Save the output of this file and use kubectl create -f to import\n# it into Kubernetes.\n#\n# Created with podman-1.8.2\napiVersion: v1\nkind: Pod\nmetadata:\n creationTimestamp: \"2020-03-24T14:08:14Z\"\n labels:\n app: postgres-prod-pod\n name: postgres-prod-pod\nspec:\n containers:\n - command:\n - postgres\n env:\n  ...\n image: docker.io\/library\/postgres:latest\n name: reverentptolemy\n resources: {}\n securityContext:\n allowPrivilegeEscalation: true\n capabilities: {}\n privileged: false\n readOnlyRootFilesystem: false\n seLinuxOptions: {}\n workingDir: \/\n - env:\n  ...\n image: docker.io\/wrouesnel\/postgres_exporter:latest\n name: friendlyshirley\n  resources: {}\n  securityContext:\n  allowPrivilegeEscalation: true\n  capabilities: {}\n  privileged: false\n  readOnlyRootFilesystem: false\n runAsGroup: 20001\n runAsUser: 20001\n  seLinuxOptions: {}\n  workingDir: \/\nstatus: {}\n<\/pre>\n
With the -s<\/code> option, a service with potentially published ports is even generated:<\/p>\n
---\napiVersion: v1\nkind: Service\nmetadata:\n creationTimestamp: \"2020-03-24T14:10:42Z\"\n  labels:\n  app: postgres-prod-pod\n  name: postgres-prod-pod\nspec:\n selector:\n  app: postgres-prod-pod\n type: NodePort\nstatus:\n loadBalancer: {}\n<\/pre>\n
The generate-yaml functionality applies to both pods and services, and in both directions.
\nWith podman play<\/code>, it is possible to test pod and container definitions in Podman.<\/p>\n
Conclusion<\/h2>\n
This was a brief overview of the possibilities for running containers without a daemon and root privileges on a host.
\nOf course, much more is possible with Podman, but explaining every option here would go beyond the scope.<\/p>\n
It is perhaps also worth mentioning that Podman with cgroupsV2 enabled can also evaluate resource usage in pods, for example.
\nHowever, this is currently only enabled by default under Fedora 31.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In our previous article on Buildah, we explained how to create containers without Docker and root privileges. This article will focus on how to use those very containers without elevated privileges. Alongside the already mentioned Buildah and Skopeo, Podman is part of the Red Hat Container Tools and is, in short, a daemonless runtime environment […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":4837,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_improvement_type_select":"improve_an_existing","_thumb_yes_seoaic":false,"_frame_yes_seoaic":false,"seoaic_generate_description":"","seoaic_improve_instructions_prompt":"","seoaic_rollback_content_improvement":"","seoaic_idea_thumbnail_generator":"","thumbnail_generated":false,"thumbnail_generate_prompt":"","seoaic_article_description":"","seoaic_article_subtitles":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1885],"tags":[1715,1722,1762,1799],"class_list":["post-10257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-howtos-en","tag-buildah-en","tag-container-en","tag-open-source-software-en","tag-podman-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPodman - Run Container with User Permissions - credativ\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An introduction to Podman, the daemonless environment for containers. 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